Vikipedi özgür ansiklopedi Tanah amp Eski AhitTanah Yahudilik Torah Talimatlar YaratılışBereşitçıkışşemotLevililerWayiqr

Vikipedi ozgur ansiklopedi Tanah amp Eski AhitTanah Yahudilik Torah Talimatlar YaratilisBeresitCikisSemotLevililerWayiqraSayilarBemidbarTesniyeDevarimNevi im Peygamberler Ilk peygamberlerYesuYehosuaHakimlerSofetimSamuelSemuelKrallarMelahimSon peygamberlerYesayaYesayahuYeremyaYirmeyahuHezekielYehezkelKucuk peygamberlerHosea Yoel Amos Ovadyah Yunus Mika Nahum Habakkuk Sefanya Hagay Zekeriya MalakiKetuvim Yazilar SiirselZeburTehillimOzdeyislerMisleiEyupIyovBes Megillot El yazmalari Ezgiler EzgisiSir HasirimRutRutAgitlarEyhahVaizKoheletEsterEsterTarihselDanielDaniyyelEzra NehemyaEzraTarihlerDivre HayyamimEski Ahit Hristiyanlik PentatokCikis Levililer Sayilar Tesniye YaratilisTarihiYesu Hakimler Rut 1 2 Samuel 1 2 Krallar 1 2 Tarihler Ezra Nehemya EsterBilgelikEyup Zebur Ozdeyisler Vaiz Ezgiler EzgisiPeygamberlikBuyuk peygamberlerYesaya Yeremya Agitlar Hezekiel DanielKucuk peygamberlerHosea Yoel Amos Ovadyah Yunus Mika Nahum Habakkuk Sefanya Hagay Zekeriya MalakiDeuterokanonikTobit Yudit Ester e eklemeler 1 Makabeler 2 Makabeler Suleyman in Bilgeligi Sirak Baruk Yeremya Mektubu Daniel ekleriOrtodoks1 Ezra 2 Ezra Menase nin Duasi 151 Mezmur 3 Makabeler 4 MakabelerHanok Yubile Yosippon Baruk un ParalipomenasiKitab i Mukaddesgd 4 Makabeler ayni zamanda Dorduncu Makabiler Kitabi olarak da bilinir ve muhtemelen baslangicta Aklin Egemenligi Uzerine olarak biliniyordu Koini Yunancasi ile yazilmis bir kitaptir muhtemelen 1 veya 2 yuzyilin baslarinda yazilmistir Dindar aklin tutkuya ustunlugunu oven bir vaaz veya felsefi bir soylemdir Helenistik Yahudiligi Antik Yunan felsefesinden ozellikle de Stoacilik okulundan gelen etkilerle birlestiren bir eserdir Eser buyuk olcude 2 Makabeler kitabindaki sehitlik oykulerinin ayrintili bir anlatimidir Yedi oglu olan kadin ve yazici Seleukos Krali IV Antiohos tarafindan Yahudilige bagliliklarindan vazgecmeleri icin iskence edilerek oldurulurler 2 Makabeler in bir bucuk bolumde ele aldigi seyi 4 Makabiler diyalog ve felsefi tartismalardan olusan tam 14 bolume genisletir 4 Makabiler oykuyu akil ve mantik oykusu olarak yeniden duzenler Sehitler obur dunyada odullendirileceklerdir bu nedenle iskence ve olum riskine ragmen Yahudi yasalarina uymaya devam etmek mantiklidir Ozet span I could prove to you from many and various examples that reason is dominant over the emotions but I can demonstrate it best from the noble bravery of those who died for the sake of virtue Eleazar and the seven brothers and their mother All of these by despising sufferings that bring death demonstrated that reason controls the emotions 4 Maccabees 1 7 9 NRSV The work consists of a prologue and two main sections The first advances the philosophical thesis on the basis of examples from the Law of Moses and the biblical tradition while the second illustrates the points made using examples drawn from the martyrdom of and the under King of the The last chapters concern the author s impressions drawn from these martyrdoms It has been suggested that while 2 Maccabees was written with appeals to emotion sentiment and drama pathos 4 Maccabees is considerably more intellectual about the matter The martyred woman calmly debates her captors explaining why her actions are rational given God s promise of rewards in the using arguments akin to those favored by The author of 4 Maccabees still appreciates the power of arousing emotions however The work goes into more grisly detail concerning the martyrdoms themselves than 2 Maccabees even now we ourselves shudder as we hear of the suffering of these young men 4 Maccabees 14 9 The author has the clear rhetorical intent of arousing admiration and emulation of these examples of devotion to the Jewish law The work is in fluent and complicated Greek using the rhetorical argumentative style of the time describes it as an elaborate variation in philosophical and highly dramatic vein of the theme of 2 Maccabees 6 18 7 4 The work uses secular allusions to Greek style athletics and military contests calling Eleazar a noble athlete and the martyred mother of the seven sons a soldier of God The work defends the merits of Judaism in a Hellenized world According to it devout practice of Judaism perfects the values held dear in Greek and Roman contexts with the martyrs presented in terms reminiscent of Greek sages Yazar tarih ve baslik span 4 Makabeler in Kipti versiyonunun bir parcasi The author of the work is unknown The book is ascribed to the Jewish historian Josephus by Eusebius and Jerome and this opinion was accepted for many years leading to its inclusion in many editions of Josephus works Later scholars have rejected this claim of authorship however There are differences of language and style 4 Maccabees makes several historical errors that Josephus s work does not make and the ideology of the two seems to conflict Josephus favored accommodation toward Gentile practices not the uncompromising stance seen in 4 Maccabees The author was probably not from as the book includes a minor geographical mistake about the layout of Jerusalem Judea was largely Aramaic speaking in the era and the tone of the work suggests the defense of a cultural minority in a Hellenistic environment As such he was probably a although from where is unclear Alexandria was the largest site of literary Greek Jewish works in the era but scholars such as and think that the religious outlook of the book does not easily match Alexandrian Jewish thought suggests that Antioch in was a more likely site for composition a thoroughly Hellenized and Greek speaking city with a large Jewish minority that revered the martyrs judging by later Christian churches dedicated to the Maccabean martyrs in Antioch as well as certain word usage that was rare among Alexandrian works such as The original title of the work if any is uncertain The Septuagint is what gave it its modern name of 4 Maccabees to distinguish it from the other books of Maccabees in it but it almost certainly was not the original title of the work Eusebius and Jerome wrote that the work of Josephus on the martyrdoms of the Maccabees presumably 4 Maccabees was called On the Sovereignty of Reason suggesting that might have been the original title This title would be consistent with the conventions of Greek philosophical and ethical works of the period e g s On Anger On Benefits On the Constancy of the Wise Person The book is generally dated between 20 and 130 CE suggests a composition date somewhere between 20 54 CE Moses Hadas agrees with that range and further suggests that perhaps around 40 CE during the reign of Roman Emperor Caligula would fit Other scholars such as support a later date perhaps during the reign of Emperor Hadrian 118 135 CE The last chapter differs from the earlier chapters in style and is a somewhat disorganized summary of what has been stated before According to some scholars this might be evidence that the last chapter is a later addition to the work though this is disputed The argument in favor of it being an original part of the composition is that the book would have a weak ending without the final chapter and that the style and vocabulary of the final chapter is not as different as claimed The change of direction with chapter 17 supports the view of the work as a homily held before a Greek speaking audience on the feast of Hanukkah as advanced by Ewald and Freudenthal where this would be a rhetorical element to draw the listeners into the discourse Others hold that a homily would have to be based on scriptural texts which this work is only loosely In terms of genre the book resembles both the or speeches in honor of a particular person or subject as well as the philosophical The work has a clearly Stoic stamp as the thesis it seeks to demonstrate is that pious reason exercises mastery over the emotions 4 Maccabees 1 1 The adjective pious however is critically important the author is altering the common topic reason can master the emotions in order to suggest that it is the mind that has been trained in the piety and exercises in the practices of the Jewish Law that is equipped to exercise the mastery that Greek ethicists praise The work also resonates with sentiments articulated by other philosophical schools such as Teoloji span The writer believes in the of the but never mentions the Good souls are said to live forever in happiness with the and God but even the evil souls are held to be immortal The suffering and martyrdom of the Maccabees is seen by the author to be vicarious for the Jewish nation and the author portrays martyrdom in general as bringing atonement for the past sins of the Jews In this it is similar to the which was written or updated around the same time period and similarly praises the virtues of martyrdom and resistance While the setting of the book is during the Seleucid and Maccabee period of Judea it is generally believed that the author intended to apply the lessons from this era in his current time The book thus functions as an endorsement of fidelity to Jewish customs and law and against assimilation to Gentile practice where this conflicted with the Torah David A deSilva considers the work s depiction of personal trust and faithfulness toward God as being in line with early Christian theology notably he argues that the has a similar viewpoint on the matter of the meaning of The work also seems to have proto Christian views on the nature of that the sacrifice of animals at the Temple impossible in the Maccabean era as well as for diaspora Jews in the author s era could be replaced by a sacrifice of obedience unto death by faithful humans While it is difficult to know for sure deSilva also hypothesizes that the kind of promotion of the value of the Jewish Law for shaping an ethical life might have been used by the Jewish Christians who sought to persuade Gentile Christians also to adopt a Jewish way of life These Jewish Christians however have not left a written legacy of their own we have access to their arguments only as reflected in Paul s letters angrily denouncing their understanding of Christianity Kanoniklik span 4 Maccabees enjoyed little influence on later Judaism waned with time and the book was not translated to Hebrew in its era It was not included in the Masoretic canon of Hebrew scriptures the Tanakh and thus was not considered canonical by later Jews Stories of the martyrs did circulate among Jews in but likely from independent traditions rather than 4 Maccabees directly The work was preserved largely among Christians These early Christians both were interested in stories of martyrdom and generally admired Stoicism The book seems to have been reasonably esteemed in the sermons and works of Gregory of Nazianzus and Ambrose evince familiarity with 4 Maccabees The work also had a profound impact on Origen The popular exhibits many similarities with the stories in 4 Maccabees Despite circulating among early Christian communities who used versions of the Septuagint that included 4 Maccabees church councils were generally more skeptical In Greek lists the book appears in the but no others In Latin lists it appears in If the is taken as an accurate record of the Damasine canon compiled by 366 383 CE then neither nor 4 Maccabees was in the Western Latin church s list of canonical books of the 4th century The book was not translated by Jerome into the Latin As a result the work was generally obscure in Latin reading Western Europe In the Greek reading East it seems the work was more popular but still failed to be included in later canon lists The Eastern Orthodox Canon was laid out in the in Trullo 692 CE The Trullo list included the first three but did not include 4 Maccabees as canonical Historically the and the printed 4 Maccabees in their Bibles together with the rest of the Old Testament but this did not entail that they officially considered 4 Maccabees canonical More recently the Greek Church moved it to an appendix and a recent Georgian Bible marks it as noncanonical It was included in the 1688 and the 18th century Bibles where it was called Iosip Josephus It is no longer printed in today The Syriac Coptic and Ethiopic language do not include the book as canonical either Some ancient manuscripts of the church include the work but this trend eventually stopped It is generally not in the for modern Christians El yazmalari ve cevirileri span 4 Maccabees is in two of the three of the most ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint the Codex Sinaiticus 4th century and the 5th century It is not however in the With the exception of the section 5 12 12 1 it is found also in the eight or ninth century There are over 70 extant Greek manuscripts of 4 Maccabees Four pre modern translations of 4 Maccabees are known There survives a complete translation as well as a Latin adaptation under the title Passio Sanctorum Machabaeorum Suffering of the Holy Maccabees One of the Syriac versions was titled The Fourth Book of the Maccabees and Their Mother The Latin text was made around the same time as Ambrose s De Jacob et vita beata 388 which includes an independent partial translation of 4 Maccabees The Passio was probably completed before the appearance of the in 405 406 and was probably produced in Fragments of an abridged translation were discovered by Enzo Lucchesi in the 1980s They have been edited and translated into English produced an abridged translation The Fourth Book of Maccabees is not in the Vulgate and so is absent from the as well as from Protestant Bibles published at Cologne in 1517 expanded in 1524 a very free Latin paraphrase of 4 Maccabees possibly based on the Passio After the invention of the 4 Maccabees was first mass printed in a 1526 edition of the Septuagint made in Strasbourg albeit one based on a less reliable manuscript with a number of printer s errors The work is included in the RSV the NRSV and The NRSV is used as the basis for the The Lexham English Septuagint A New Translation LES published in 2020 includes 4 Maccabees Notlar span Yunanca Makkabaiwn Dʹ romanize Makkabaiōn 4 Yunanca perὶ aὐtokratoros logismoῦ romanize peri autokratoros logismou Kaynakca span Ozel span 4 Maccabees 1 7 9 a b c d e van Henten Jan Willem 2021 4 Maccabees Oegema Gerbern S Ed The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha Oxford University Press ss 199 216 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780190689643 013 12 ISBN 978 0190689667 a b c Joslyn Siemiatkoski Daniel 2009 Christian Memories of the Maccabean Martyrs New York Palgrave Mcmillan ss 18 19 ISBN 978 0230602793 Hadas 1953 p 100 a b Cobb L Stephanie 2020 Martyrdom in Roman Context Middleton Paul Ed The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Christian Martyrdom John Wiley amp Sons Ltd ss 92 93 ISBN 9781119099826 4 Maccabees 14 9 a b Hadas 1953 pp 100 103 a b c d e f deSilva 1998 pp 12 18 a b Orlinsky Harry M 1941 Reviewed work Passio SS Machabaeorum die antike lateinische Ubersetzung des IV Makkabaerbuches Heinrich Dorrie Journal of Biblical Literature 60 4 440 445 doi 10 2307 3262470 JSTOR 3262470 deSilva 1998 p 11 The Books of the Maccabees by John R Bartlett The Oxford Companion to the Bible ed by and Oxford University Press 1993 0195046455 p 482 a b c Hadas 1953 pp 113 115 a b deSilva 1998 pp 18 21 a b Hadas 1953 pp 109 113 Jerome 1999 On Illustrious Men The Fathers of the Church A New Translation Halton Thomas P tarafindan cevrildi Catholic University of America Press doi 10 2307 j ctt2853x3 ISBN 0813201004 Hadas 1953 pp 95 99 2007 The Date Of Fourth Maccabees Studies in Jewish and Christian History 68 266 271 doi 10 1163 ej 9789004152946 i 1242 91 ISBN 9789047420729 van Henten 1997 pp 76 78 Note that van Henten supports a wider range than Dupont Sommer and suggests the final decades of the 1st century are plausible as well Hadas 1953 pp 237 240 deSilva 1998 pp 28 32 van Henten 1997 pp 67 70 Toy Crawford Howell Barton George A Jacobs Joseph Abrahams Israel 1904 Books of Maccabees Singer Isidore Ed Yahudi Ansiklopedisi 8 New York Funk amp Wagnalls Company ss 239 244 deSilva 1998 pp 25 28 76 77 Hadas 1953 pp 115 118 The Access Bible Oxford University Press 1999 Apocrypha 330 History of opinions on the scriptural doctrine of retribution Edward Beecher D Appleton amp Company 1878 original Tentmaker publications 2000 0548231117 deSilva 1998 pp 128 131 deSilva 1998 pp 137 141 a b deSilva 1998 pp 143 149 See Galatians 5 1 6 10 for example a letter to Asia Minor potentially where 4 Maccabees was written Cited by deSilva 1998 p 145 a b c Hadas 1953 pp 123 127 a b c Gallagher Edmon L and Meade John D 2018 The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity Texts and Analysis Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0198792499 KB1 bakim Birden fazla ad yazar listesi link deSilva 1998 pp 149 154 a b Hadas 1953 pp 135 137 a b c d H Anderson 4 Maccabees First Century B C A New Translation and Introduction in 1985 The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Garden City NY Doubleday amp Company Inc Volume 2 0 385 09630 5 Vol 1 0 385 18813 7 Vol 2 pp 531 532 a b Robert J V Hiebert Preparing a Critical Edition of IV Maccabees The Syriac Translation and the Passio Sanctorum Machabaeorum as Witnesses to the Original Greek in F Garcia Martinez and M Vervenne eds Interpreting Translation Studies on the LXX and Ezekiel in Honour of Johan Lust Peeters 2005 pp 193 216 Some comparison of the Syriac with the Greek was undertaken in the joint work of and W E Barnes published at Cambridge in 1895 titled The Fourth Book of Maccabees and Kindred Documents in Syriac Ivan Miroshnikov The Sahidic Coptic Version of 4 Maccabees Vetus Testamentum 64 2014 69 92 842 To Helias Marcaeus 863 From Jakob Spiegel The Correspondence of Erasmus 31 December 1982 ss 2 105 doi 10 3138 9781442681026 004 ISBN 978 1 4426 8102 6 The Lexham English Septuagint A New Translation Bellingham Washington Lexham Press 2020 ISBN 978 1683593447 Genel span deSilva David A 1998 Ed 4 Maccabees Guides to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha Sheffield ISBN 1850758964 1953 The Third and Fourth Books of Maccabees New York Harper amp Brothers LCCN 53 5114 van Henten Jan Willem 1997 The Maccabean Martyrs as Saviours of the Jewish People Leiden Brill ISBN 90 04 10976 5 Konuyla ilgili yayinlar span Moore S D amp Anderson J C 1998 Taking It like a Man Masculinity in 4 Maccabees 117 2 249 273 Dis baglantilar span Vikikaynak ta 4 Makabeler ile ilgili metin bulabilirsiniz English text from The Apocrypha New Revised Standard Version NRSV English text from The Apocrypha Revised Standard Version RSV Maccabees Books of Encyclopaedia Britannica 17 11 bas 1911 1914 Books not included in the Hebrew canon An introduction to the Old Testament in Greek Cambridge University Press s 280 New Testament Allusions to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha including 4 Macc 2018 09 30 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arsivlendi New English Translation of the Septuagint 4 Maccabees 4 MakabelerE Orthodox Deuterokanon ApokrifOnce gelen 3 Makabeler Dogu Ortodoks Kitab i Mukaddes Sonra gelen EyupOtorite kontroluBNF 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