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Punnett karesi, belirli çaprazlamanın veya üreme deneyinin genotiplerini tahmin etmede kullanılan kare diyagramdır. Adını bu tekniği 1905 yılında geliştiren 'ten alır.Biyologlar tarafından, bir yavrunun hangi genotiplere sahip olabileceğini belirlemede kullanılan bir diyagramdır. Punnett karesi, anneden ve babadan gelen alellerin olası kombinasyonlarının tablo halinde gösterilmesidir. Bu tablolar, belirli bir özelliğe sahip bir yavrunun olası genotipik karakterini veya ebeveynlerden gelen birden fazla özelliğin çaprazlanması (alel) incelemek için kullanılabilir.
Punnett karesi, Gregor Mendel tarafından keşfedilmiş temel bir genetik konusu olan Mendel kalıtımının görsel temsilidir. Birden fazla özellik için "çatallı hat yöntemi", Punnett karesinden genelde çok daha kolaydır. Fenotipler, bir Punnett karesi kullanılarak en azından şanstan daha yüksek bir doğrulukla tahmin edilebilir; ancak, belirli bir genotipin varlığında ortaya çıkabilecek fenotip, bazı durumlarda çok sayıda başka faktörden etkilenebilir — örneğin, poligenik kalıtımın ve/veya epigenetik mekanizmaların devrede olduğu durumlarda.
Kaynakça
- ^ (1866). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Translations. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins (Almanca ve İngilizce). IV. p. 14: Verlag des naturforschender Vereins zu Brünn / Georg Gastl's Buchdruckerei /. 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Haziran 2020.
- ^ (1866). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Translations. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins (Almanca ve İngilizce). IV. p. 47: Verlag des naturforschender Vereins zu Brünn / Georg Gastl's Buchdruckerei. 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Haziran 2020.
- ^ Punnett, Reginald Crundall (1907). Mendelism. 2. London, UK: . (NB. The 1905 first edition of this book does not contain the Punnett square. In 1911, the third edition gives a more thorough explanation.)
- ^ (March 2012). "Punnett's square". . 43 (1). 219-224. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.11.011. (PMID) 22326091.
The origin and development of Punnett's Square for the enumeration and display of genotypes arising in a cross in Mendelian genetics is described. Due to R. C. Punnett, the idea evolved through the work of the 'Cambridge geneticists', including Punnett's colleagues William Bateson, E. R. Saunders and R. H. Lock, soon after the rediscovery of Mendel's paper in 1900. These geneticists were thoroughly familiar with Mendel's paper, which itself contained a similar square diagram. A previously-unpublished three-factor diagram by Sir Francis Galton existing in the Bateson correspondence in Cambridge University Library is then described. Finally the connection between Punnett's Square and Venn Diagrams is emphasized, and it is pointed out that Punnett, Lock and John Venn overlapped as Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
- ^ (September 2012). "Reginald Crundall Punnett: First Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics, Cambridge, 1912". . 192 (1). Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, UK: . ss. 3-13. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.143552. (PMC) 3430543 $2. (PMID) 22964834.
[...] Punnett's square seems to have been a development of 1905, too late for the first edition of his Mendelism (May 1905) but much in evidence in Report III to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society [(Bateson et al. 1906b) "received March 16, 1906"]. The earliest mention is contained in a letter to Bateson from Francis Galton dated October 1, 1905 (Edwards 2012). We have the testimony of Bateson (1909, p. 57) that "For the introduction of this system [the 'graphic method'], which greatly simplifies difficult cases, I am indebted to Mr. Punnett." [...] The first published diagrams appeared in 1906. [...] when Punnett published the second edition of his Mendelism, he used a slightly different format ([...] Punnett 1907, p. 45) [...] In the third edition (Punnett 1911, p. 34) he reverted to the arrangement [...] with a description of the construction of what he called the "chessboard" method (although in truth it is more like a multiplication table). [...]
(11 pages) - ^ (15 Mayıs 2012), "The analytic geometry of genetics: Part I: the structure, function, and early evolution of Punnett squares", , 66 (66), ss. 359-396 [359], doi:10.1007/s00407-012-0096-7
- ^ (June 2016). "Punnett's square: a postscript". . Cilt 57. ss. 69-70. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.01.00129 Mart 2021. (2 pages)
- ^ Müller-Wille, Staffan; Parolini, Giuditta (9 Aralık 2020). "Punnett squares and hybrid crosses: how Mendelians learned their trade by the book". Learning by the Book: Manuals and Handbooks in the History of Science. BJHS Themes. 5. / Cambridge University Press. ss. 149-165. doi:10.1017/bjt.2020.12. 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mart 2021.
[...] Nilsson-Ehle was experimenting with a visual arrangement that would become very popular in Mendelian genetics. The lower half of his notes comes close to what is known as the 'Punnett square' [...] Punnett introduced this square diagram to the literature in 1906 in a paper co-authored with Bateson and Edith R. Saunders, and included it in the second edition of his Mendelism. In the third edition (1911), he added a verbal description of how to construct the diagram, and the Punnett square became a standard feature of Mendelian literature. As a detailed reconstruction by A.W.F. Edwards has shown, the diagram first took shape in an exchange of letters between Bateson and Galton for the more complex case of a trihybrid cross, and may well have been inspired by the way in which Mendel presented a case of trifactorial inheritance of flower colour in beans. [...]
- ^ Griffiths, Anthony J. F.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, William M. (2000). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7. New York, USA: .
- ^ Basu, Arkatappa. ""The Hindu ePaper | Daily News and Current Affairs"". epaper.thehindu.com (1 April 2024). The Hindu. 13 Mart 2024 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Nisan 2024.
Ek okuma
Dış bağlantılar
- Online Punnett Square Calculator
- Online Punnett Square Calculator, monohybrid and dihybrid, autosomal and sex-linked
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Punnett karesi belirli caprazlamanin veya ureme deneyinin genotiplerini tahmin etmede kullanilan kare diyagramdir Adini bu teknigi 1905 yilinda gelistiren ten alir Biyologlar tarafindan bir yavrunun hangi genotiplere sahip olabilecegini belirlemede kullanilan bir diyagramdir Punnett karesi anneden ve babadan gelen alellerin olasi kombinasyonlarinin tablo halinde gosterilmesidir Bu tablolar belirli bir ozellige sahip bir yavrunun olasi genotipik karakterini veya ebeveynlerden gelen birden fazla ozelligin caprazlanmasi alel incelemek icin kullanilabilir Tipik bir test caprazlamasini gosteren bir Punnett karesi Bezelye kabuklarinda yesil renk sari renge baskindir bu durum bezelye tohumlarinda sari cenek renginin yesile baskin oldugu durumun tersidir Ebeveynlerin renk korlugu durumlarinin her bir kombinasyonu icin olasiliklari gosteren Punnett kareleri her bir hucre teoride 25 olasiliga sahiptir Punnett karesi Gregor Mendel tarafindan kesfedilmis temel bir genetik konusu olan Mendel kalitiminin gorsel temsilidir Birden fazla ozellik icin catalli hat yontemi Punnett karesinden genelde cok daha kolaydir Fenotipler bir Punnett karesi kullanilarak en azindan sanstan daha yuksek bir dogrulukla tahmin edilebilir ancak belirli bir genotipin varliginda ortaya cikabilecek fenotip bazi durumlarda cok sayida baska faktorden etkilenebilir ornegin poligenik kalitimin ve veya epigenetik mekanizmalarin devrede oldugu durumlarda Kaynakca 1866 Versuche uber Pflanzen Hybriden Translations Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Almanca ve Ingilizce IV p 14 Verlag des naturforschender Vereins zu Brunn Georg Gastl s Buchdruckerei 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 1 Haziran 2020 1866 Versuche uber Pflanzen Hybriden Translations Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Almanca ve Ingilizce IV p 47 Verlag des naturforschender Vereins zu Brunn Georg Gastl s Buchdruckerei 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 1 Haziran 2020 Punnett Reginald Crundall 1907 Mendelism 2 London UK NB The 1905 first edition of this book does not contain the Punnett square In 1911 the third edition gives a more thorough explanation March 2012 Punnett s square 43 1 219 224 doi 10 1016 j shpsc 2011 11 011 PMID 22326091 The origin and development of Punnett s Square for the enumeration and display of genotypes arising in a cross in Mendelian genetics is described Due to R C Punnett the idea evolved through the work of the Cambridge geneticists including Punnett s colleagues William Bateson E R Saunders and R H Lock soon after the rediscovery of Mendel s paper in 1900 These geneticists were thoroughly familiar with Mendel s paper which itself contained a similar square diagram A previously unpublished three factor diagram by Sir Francis Galton existing in the Bateson correspondence in Cambridge University Library is then described Finally the connection between Punnett s Square and Venn Diagrams is emphasized and it is pointed out that Punnett Lock and John Venn overlapped as Fellows of Gonville and Caius College Cambridge September 2012 Reginald Crundall Punnett First Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics Cambridge 1912 192 1 Gonville and Caius College Cambridge UK ss 3 13 doi 10 1534 genetics 112 143552 PMC 3430543 2 PMID 22964834 Punnett s square seems to have been a development of 1905 too late for the first edition of his Mendelism May 1905 but much in evidence in Report III to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society Bateson et al 1906b received March 16 1906 The earliest mention is contained in a letter to Bateson from Francis Galton dated October 1 1905 Edwards 2012 We have the testimony of Bateson 1909 p 57 that For the introduction of this system the graphic method which greatly simplifies difficult cases I am indebted to Mr Punnett The first published diagrams appeared in 1906 when Punnett published the second edition of his Mendelism he used a slightly different format Punnett 1907 p 45 In the third edition Punnett 1911 p 34 he reverted to the arrangement with a description of the construction of what he called the chessboard method although in truth it is more like a multiplication table 11 pages 15 Mayis 2012 The analytic geometry of genetics Part I the structure function and early evolution of Punnett squares 66 66 ss 359 396 359 doi 10 1007 s00407 012 0096 7 June 2016 Punnett s square a postscript Cilt 57 ss 69 70 doi 10 1016 j shpsc 2016 01 00129 Mart 2021 2 pages Muller Wille Staffan Parolini Giuditta 9 Aralik 2020 Punnett squares and hybrid crosses how Mendelians learned their trade by the book Learning by the Book Manuals and Handbooks in the History of Science BJHS Themes 5 Cambridge University Press ss 149 165 doi 10 1017 bjt 2020 12 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 29 Mart 2021 Nilsson Ehle was experimenting with a visual arrangement that would become very popular in Mendelian genetics The lower half of his notes comes close to what is known as the Punnett square Punnett introduced this square diagram to the literature in 1906 in a paper co authored with Bateson and Edith R Saunders and included it in the second edition of his Mendelism In the third edition 1911 he added a verbal description of how to construct the diagram and the Punnett square became a standard feature of Mendelian literature As a detailed reconstruction by A W F Edwards has shown the diagram first took shape in an exchange of letters between Bateson and Galton for the more complex case of a trihybrid cross and may well have been inspired by the way in which Mendel presented a case of trifactorial inheritance of flower colour in beans Griffiths Anthony J F Miller Jeffrey H Suzuki David T Lewontin Richard C Gelbart William M 2000 An Introduction to Genetic Analysis 7 New York USA Basu Arkatappa The Hindu ePaper Daily News and Current Affairs epaper thehindu com 1 April 2024 The Hindu 13 Mart 2024 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 1 Nisan 2024 Ek okumaCampbell Neil Allison 2005 Biology 7 ISBN 978 0 8053 7146 8 OCLC 71890442 Dis baglantilarOnline Punnett Square Calculator Online Punnett Square Calculator monohybrid and dihybrid autosomal and sex linked